Primary implant stability, acquired through mechanical forces between the surface of the implant and the bone, is dependent mostly on the implant design and dimensions, bone architecture and the insertion protocol. The stability of implants is a key factor in the process of osseointegration. The multidirectional impact of cigarettes on wound healing in the head and neck region, its influence on the process of osseointegration, and on the composition of the oral microbiome, all affect the outcome of implant therapy. Recent meta-analysis shows that the effect of smoking tobacco is dose-dependent, and the implant failure risk is 4-fold higher in patients who smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day. Smoking tobacco is considered a risk factor in implantoprosthetic treatment, as the failure rate of implants among smokers is almost 2-fold higher than in non-smokers. Secondary stability of immediate implants may be lower in both the aesthetic and posterior areas in smokers compared to non-smokers, which may encourage the postponement of final crowns delivery at 6 months post op and the extension of the occlusaly temporary crowns use in some smoker cases. Primary stability of immediate implants may be lower in the posterior area of the maxilla in smokers when compared to non-smokers, which may eliminate smokers from immediate implants in this region. Conclusions: This study indicate that smoking cigarettes has a negative effect on the stability of immediate implants in the maxilla. ITV measurements were lower in smokers than non-smokers in the aesthetic (16.3 vs. Results: In an aesthetic area, the PT values at 6 months post-implantation were higher for smokers than non-smokers ( p 0.05). Marginal bone loss was evaluated on cone beam computed tomography scans. The stability of the implants was measured using Insertion Torque Value (ITV) and two types of devices: Periotest (PT) and Osstell (ISQ). In the posterior region, implants were inserted into the palatal alveolus. Immediate implantations were performed with simultaneous augmentation of the socket with xenogenic bone grafting material. 190 immediate implants were inserted in the maxilla. 67 individuals smoked more than 20 cigarettes daily and 97 were non-smokers.
Methods: The study was conducted on 164 patients between the ages of 27–71 years old. The aim of the study was to investigate whether smoking cigarettes affects the primary and secondary stability of maxillary dental implants, inserted into fresh sockets immediately after extraction. Background: Smoking tobacco significantly affects the biology of periodontal tissues and contributes to the increased risk of peri-implant diseases.
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